India’s debate on a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) centres on balancing religious freedom with legal equality. Articles 25–26 protect religious practices, while Article 44 encourages uniform civil laws. Personal laws govern marriage, inheritance, and more, but can conflict with equality under Article 14, especially regarding gender rights. Supporters say a UCC promotes gender justice, legal uniformity, and secularism. Opponents fear erosion of religious autonomy and cultural diversity. Courts back reform but urge sensitivity and gradual change. Scholars recommend an inclusive, phased approach that respects pluralism while advancing equality, reflecting India’s unique constitutional and social fabric.

Waqf assets are inalienable Islamic endowments used for religious and social services; India has over 870,000 registered waqf properties. The 2025 Waqf (Amendment) Act is challenged in a consolidated Supreme Court petition (W.P.(C) No.269/2025) led by Asaduddin Owaisi. Petitioners seek a stay on denotifying waqf-by-user lands, non-Muslim board appointments, and collectors’ powers. The Court proposed interim measures to protect existing waqfs, allow investigations without changing status, and permit limited non-Muslim membership. The dispute raises constitutional issues on religious autonomy, equality, federalism and minority rights, with calls for safeguards and transparency.