Access to the internet is now essential for exercising basic rights like free speech, information, and participation in democracy. Courts and international bodies, including the UN and the European Court of Human Rights, have recognized this. India’s Supreme Court in Amar Jain v. Union of India (2025) affirmed digital access as part of the right to life. Blanket shutdowns and vague censorship laws threaten freedoms and must meet legal tests of necessity and legitimacy. A rights-based digital framework—ensuring net neutrality, fair access, and transparent governance—is vital to protect democracy in the digital age.
The Supreme Court of India is hearing Manohar Lal Sharma v. Union of India, a key case on alleged government surveillance using Pegasus spyware. Pegasus can secretly access smartphones and was reportedly used to target journalists, politicians, and activists. Petitioners argue this violates privacy and free speech rights. The government denied wrongdoing, citing national security and existing surveillance laws. Finding its response inadequate, the Court set up an independent Technical Committee to investigate. The case raises questions on privacy, legality, and oversight, and its outcome will shape India’s digital rights and surveillance framework.
