India’s Supreme Court has become a key player in environmental protection, stepping in where executive agencies fail. With nearly half of pollution control posts vacant, the Court has invoked Article 21 to enforce laws, from banning firecrackers to relocating polluting industries. While Public Interest Litigations have advanced environmental justice, critics warn of judicial overreach and weak implementation—only 18% of Court orders are fully enforced. The judiciary’s role is vital but cannot replace executive action. Strengthening institutions and accountability is essential to restore constitutional balance in tackling environmental crises.
